identification of Quantitative Tralt Locl Controlling the Requirement for chilling ln Vegetative budbreak in apple (malus x domestica Borkh')

Abstract

The domesticated apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) has been distributed into diverse climatic conditions worldwide for commercial production of fruit. Apple trees need exposure to cold temperatures, referred to as chill unit (cu) accumulation during winter, in order for budbreak to occur promptly and uniformly after winter. ln warmer production areas the application of dormancy breaking chemicals has enabled successful production of high chilling requiring apple cultivars in suboptimal environmental conditions. ln the Western Cape region of South Africa it is common orchard practice to apply dormancy breaking chemicals after winter in order to stimulate vegetative growth. lf this is not done prolonged dormancy symptoms (PDS) are experienced which include extended rest' less synchronised breaking of buds and reduced branching' An increasing awareness of both global warming and the negative effects associated with the use of chemical sprays (for both pest and disease resistance and growth regulation) has resulted in the need to breed cultivars better adapted to current and future environmental conditions' The breeding of new cultivars using conventional breeding methods is a time-consuming process, especially in perennial tree species with a long juvenile phase such as apple. The implementation of marker-assisted breeding